Palestine And Its Political Oppression - 2040 Words

Palestine and its Political Oppression The Israeli-Palestinian tension all started out when Israeli first started to conquer Palestinian land since 1967. Since then, the Palestinians have been living under the injustice of Israeli military occupation. â€Å"Israeli forces regularly confiscate private land; imprison individuals without process – including children – and physically abuse them under incarceration; demolish family homes; bulldoze orchards and crops; place entire towns under curfew; destroy shops and businesses; shoot, maim, and kill civilians – and Palestinians are without power to stop any of it.† (A Synopsis). This is only a part of the injustice that the Palestinian face while they are living under the occupation of the Israeli authority. Palestinians have no power to prevent any of the unfairness inflicted on them. A mother’s child, daughter, or son, would be arrested usually by the authority of a group of armed soldiers in the middle of the night; she can’t do anything to stop it. Episodes like this show how much the Palestinians are struggling being under the cruelness of the Israeli rule. Children as young as six to seven-year-old can be arrested and taken from their families while the parents can do nothing to get them back; sometimes they go through the struggle by watching their own offspring getting beaten by the soldiers. No parents should be able to go through something this horrendous. Ottallah 2 Palestinians go through their everydayShow MoreRelatedEssay about Nationalist Ideas in the Middle East1484 Words   |  6 Pagesa national identity as well as a state due to their experiences of oppression and dispersion. 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Kosovo struggle for statehood has been going on since the collapse of Soviet Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. Whilst the Palestinian campaign for statehood has endured since 1948. Examining both of their cases under the theories of statehood and recognition, neither country emerges with a conclusive case for statehood. However, Palestine has the objectively easier case. In orderRead MoreEnglish Language Education : A Means Of Liberation And A Passport From The Gateway Of Prosperity1692 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish language learning is viewed as an opportunity to excel in harsh extraordinary economy and lifestyle through the achievement of self -identity and growth through learning a foreign language. On another note, it is important to mention that political factors such as curfews, road dangers and road blocks, check points, limited funding and shelling in Gaza create challengin g obstacles to foreign language learning. 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The nationalist movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the establishment of a Jewish state in Israel is known as Zionism. This ideology was the driving force behind the Jewish expulsion

WAR Free Essays

In the past, armies would line p in large formations of soldiers and face one another exchanging fire until one side either surrendered, fled the battlefield, or were gunned down. Along with the formations of troops, cannons were in the background providing support fire with devastating effects. Due to the technological enhancements like advanced rifling in small arms and more accurate cannons, armies that used traditional formation style combat suffered from catastrophic losses. We will write a custom essay sample on WAR or any similar topic only for you Order Now To combat these losses a new tactic was born, trench warfare. If a soldier wanted to lower their chances of being shot by an enemy rifle or blown up by n enemy cannon, they would simply get lower to the ground in order to present a smaller target. The idea of digging a trench for a soldier to use for concealment changed how battles would be fought forever. This concept was still used during WWW, however, with this particular type of tactic time played a huge factor. It took soldiers so long to dig the trenches that advancing front lines moved at a snail’s pace. In one area, the losses from a battle could be in the numbers of 200,000 with the front lines only being shifted about half a mile. Although WV was dubbed the war to end all wars, WWW provided the first of many things. When a new combat tactic is implemented, another must be created to counter. Because of trench warfare and how difficult it was to infiltrate enemy lines, the first tanks were created to help provide mobile cover for soldiers to traverse the battlefield. The first aircraft were developed into fighter aircraft to help keep scout planes from revealing friendly positions. The airplanes were not yet big enough to travel long distances so the first carriers were built to help minimize the amount of flight time needed for aircraft to reach their targets, as well as provide security on the trade routes. Although WWW had a very large death toll for every country involved, support for the United States Armed Forces by its people were not lacking. About 90 percent Of the American population in some way showed support towards its Military fighting the war. With this rising patriotism from the people, many American’s volunteered for the service. Their number, however, were too small to build the large army needed to fight the war so on June 5, 191 7, President Wilson called on all males ages twenty-one to thirty-one to register for the draft. Due to the devastation caused by WWW, Europe was rapidly destabilize, and in many aspects Word War II grew from all of the issues that were left unresolved, in particular the political and economic instability in Germany. The type of technology used and developed during help determine how WI would be fought. Tanks became faster, bigger, and stronger and were constantly being developed to try and out do the opposition. Planes became faster, flew higher, and delivered a larger payload on targets to help combat the armored vehicles on the ground. Ships became larger, carried more firepower, and developed new technologies to help identify if enemy submarines were near. With all of these technologies advancing in power and capabilities, trench warfare became less useful or relied upon. Tactics had to be changed in order to compete with the new war machines. The best way to attack your opponent would be to hit them when they least expect it. The days of lining up side by side and exchanging fire Were long gone, and the new age of dropping as many bombs on your opponent before sending in your tanks supported by infantry has arrived. The idea behind this was to pound your enemy to the ground in order to help minimize casualties for the troops who were moving in to attack from the ground. One of the biggest advancements that would change the way we fought war would be introduced during WI as well, the paratrooper. The paratroopers were soldiers who would strap a parachute to their backs and jump out of airplanes behind enemy lines in order to disrupt enemy movement and conduct surprise attacks. This tactic forced the enemy to spread their armies evenly and not focus on just the front lines due to the fear of paratroopers jumping in and taking over the us apply lines. After the attacks on Pearl Harbor, the United States Of America had been forced to act even if they were not ready. The citizens of he United States were all in shock that an attack like that could have happened to them with little to no warning. This devastating moment in time brought the American people together to help support the Military by doing anything possible. The Ignited States home front during WI supported the war efforts in many ways, to include volunteer efforts and complying with the government ration and price control policies. All the American Citizens agreed that these sacrifices were for the greater good of the nation. If an individual could not volunteer for service they went into the industrial centers for high radioactivity jobs helping build what was needed for our soldiers and sailors. Us port from the people was at an all-time high. The Vietnam War was a style of warfare that we had not yet experienced. The type of terrain that our forces operated in were very dense jungle environments. The jungles were so thick most of the time our tanks couldn’t even us port our soldiers. Artillery barrages and airstrip’s were our main form of support in these areas. The enemy started to use booby traps to slow our troop movements, and they had a devastating effect, notes physically, but mentally as well. The ambush came the primary tactic used to start confrontations due to the fact that you had the ability to diminish the enemy force before the fight actually begins. The Vietnam War was supposed to be an easy war, where a sophisticated and ultra-wealthy super-power would have a few problems defeating a Third World nation that North Vietnam seemed to represent, this was not the case. The Vietnam War Lasted longer than ten years and this is what helped the decline of support from the American People. At first the citizens of the United States supported their soldiers as they went off to battle, just as they did in the past. As time went by, and with more and more body bags returning home with united States soldiers in them, the support numbers decreased. The protest had started because the number of individuals drafted each month rose from 3,000 people to 33,000. News coverage on the Vietnam War filled homes across the nation, and the people did not enjoy what they saw. Stories about soldiers committing violent acts toward innocent civilians Were being spread. These Were the men who the people were supposed to look up to and support. Mass media coverage made following all of the stories possible during the war and fed fuel to the protests hat were happening in the homeland. The American people wanted their soldiers back, they wanted their husbands, brothers, uncles, friends, and fathers to come home safe. Once the war had ended and these soldier’s finally came home, not all of them were welcomed with open arms. Many soldier’s had no homes to return to. Some of the soldiers lost what little friends they did have in the war, and were now left alone with no support system to help reintegrate back into society. Although the way we have fought wars has changed so drastically over many years, the necessity of war still remains. When one leader has stepped down from their duties and another replaces them, war will be soon to follow. Never in the history of leaders has anyone held a position where they did not have a hand in war or conflict. War is what shaped our country, and war is what changed the world. If our country wants to remain the Military super power it is today we will need to rally behind our troops and extend the support that is so desperately needed. Our support brings morale, morale brings motivation, motivation brings drive, and drive brings us success. How to cite WAR, Papers War Free Essays I want you to see where the focus of your essay needs to be. And that focus needs to make an appearance in a carefully thought out and constructed thesis statement. In other words, do you reading and thinking BEFORE you compose a thesis and begin writing. We will write a custom essay sample on War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Using that material, as well as what you have been learning about the economic growth and change of the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century, explain why a large majority of northerners were steadfastly against the expansion of slavery into the new territories to become states. How did the existence of slavery threaten average white guys? I want to see specific information from the reading in your post. Make sure you understand Helper’s argument and the evidence he uses to support It. During the first half of the 19th century, machine and factory use grew popular. The Embargo Act of 1807 started the war of 1812. Discuss this In your discussion board and you should look at other web sources to add to your posts. PBS ran a NOVA video this last summer entitled â€Å"What Darwin Never Knew†. You can find that video at http:mom. PBS. Org/high/nova/evolution/Darwin-never-knew. HTML . This web page has lots of information that explains evolution theory and It Is a good addition to this NC Live video In developing an understanding of how genes adapt to change through time. We know so much more now then we new In Darning’s time. Darwin Video Discussion This Is the discussion board for Unit 2. It Is a debate about evolution and how human population will respond In the light of the theory of Global Warming. You should post your original thoughts In a thread that matches your opinion, and then branch out to comment on views that are different than your own. Be sure to comment with supportive documentation from a web page, the book or other source. You can post web links or references In your post. You can subscribe to the forum, ND we will have only one forum for the class to see how It goes with organization. Try not to create a new thread unless you have an original thought. Watch the video posted In Chapter 4 on the selecting method applied to debunk pseudoscience myths. Then post your comments here with at least three responses and one wobbled to support your comment. This video Is an extension of how the selecting method Is applied to ensure Information Is accurate and why we need to make sure we use the selecting method. How to cite War, Papers

Hearing and Orient Listening Behaviors free essay sample

Please answer all essay questions giving breadth and depth to your response. Upon completion of this exam, please upload your word document through the assignment link created for this submission. Be sure to answer all parts of the question. (All questions are worth 10 pts each) 1.How do hearing and listening differ? (5 points) Hearing is purely physiological activity while listening while listening also involves the psychological processing of sound. 2.What is the â€Å"cocktail party effect†? What can you do to minimize this effect when dealing with a customer? The cocktail party effect is several conversations going on at the same time. To minimize the effect I would make a conscious effort to listen to what the customer is trying to tell me. 3.What are three major elements that complicate listening? Give customer-service related examples of each. The elements that complicate listening is the internal elements within the listener’s mind, environmental elements surrounding the communication, interactional elements that arise especially from listener self-centeredness and self-protection. We will write a custom essay sample on Hearing and Orient Listening Behaviors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To start with, internal elements involve the use of words at a level that the hearer can hear, and the most importantly, can understand. Talking loudly and nonsense or meaninglessly can totally deviate your customers from doing business with your company. 4.What happens when people experience communication overload? People who experience communication overload tent to get stress out. Describe at least three ways we respond. How can this be a problem in customer service? 5.What do we mean by environmental and internal â€Å"noise†? Give examples of each as they might be found in a customer service situation. Environmental noise is sometimes called physical noise, which means anything that is external to both the sender and the receiver that disrupts the sending or receiving of messages. Examples of physical noise include a stereo playing loudly, a cell phone ringing, loud machinery. 6.How do â€Å"gatekeepers† complicate the listening process? Gatekeepers can be useful and necessary but can also cause us to miss or distort some messages we may need. What can organizations do to minimize the number of gatekeepers between customer and top management? Organizations can develop a clear policy on the situations that need their direct attention and make all lower level position able to address them instead of using gatekeepers. 7.What are self-centeredness and self-protection as they relate to listening? Give and example of each in the context of customer service. Both affect the listening process that tends to orient listening behaviors toward biased interpretations of messages. An example is if a salesperson feels particularly strong about selling a certain product, for whatever reason, she or he may literally not even hearing the customer’s request for a different product. Another example, sometimes we engage in conjecture by listening to ourselves, by anticipating what might be said, instead of what the customer is actually saying.

The Global Corporation and Social Responsibility Multinational Decision Making and International Values

Table of Contents Introduction Literature review Similarities of the writer’s observations Differences of the writer’s observations Recommendations and writers contributions Conclusion References Introduction Scientific inventions and innovations have resulted in better transport and communication systems; the improved systems have resulted to social, economic, and political ideologies integration. The integrations have seen the development of multinationals. When operation across the board, decisions made by the multinationals should be acceptable and ethical in the eyes of the host country and the international community; they should work towards maintaining international values and virtues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Global Corporation and Social Responsibility: Multinational Decision Making and International Values specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the recognized needs that m ultinationals should maintain international values and ethical behavior, what is ethical vary among different communities and countries, the challenge comes when a managers of multinationals come from a different social background thus having an ethical algorithm that is accepted in how country and host country becomes a challenge. This paper compares three articles that address the issue of ethical behavior of multinationals; when comparing the materials, the paper will elaborate on the ideas that are commensurate and any differences in views. In the discussion part, the paper will give the writer’s contribution to the matter. Literature review According to Thomas Donaldson in the article â€Å"Rights in the Global Market†, 1990 businesses operate in environments where they benefit from communities around and far away from the point of business of the company; the success of a business is dependent on how well it is performing in its operating environment. The article suggest that when operating in a different country, there are laws, legislation, and business expectations that the host country expect to be done, for example in the United States, child labor is highly protected and this is supported by international labor laws, the age limit for the country ranges from 16 years. In other countries, emphasis on child labor may not be as much and their focus is in other areas like dumping. In the article the writer is of the opinion that when operating in international market, the company should invest in knowing the legal, social, and economic frameworks that operate in the country (Donaldson, 1990). In the article â€Å"Decision Making Reconciling International Values†, Thomas Donaldson echoes the word in the article â€Å"Rights in the Global Market†, but from a different angle; in this article the writer looks at an international environment where issues and matters are controlled by international norms and values addressed by in ternational conventions, protocols, and agreements.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The focus on the article is that multinationals when making decisions have to consider their operating environment and create a situation of mutual benefit among them economy of operation and the multinational. The article advocate for observation of business values, and corporate citizenship; corporate citizenship is concerned with truth, Consultants fairness and justice and accounting ethics pertains to the code that guides the professional conduct of aspects such as the expectations of society and customers, social responsibility, consumer autonomy and corporate behavior in the home country as well as abroad (Donaldson, 1985). According to Nien-he-Hsieh first and second half articles called â€Å"Does Business Have A Responsibility To Promote Just Institutions† , the writer is of th e opinion that multinationals gets their profits from businesses secured from the external environments; it is thus ethical to give back to the society; giving back creates a close relationship between customers and business. On pages 259-262, the writer acknowledges that in every institution, there is a certain system of operation which is controlled by institutions. From the onset, a family is seen as the smallest institution in an economy and other institutions comes from the small unit other institutions operating in the economy emerge. With the understanding of the institutions, multinationals should be able to make decisions that rhythm with the expectations of different institutions. They should look into legal, political and social aspects that prevail in the economy. In pages 265-267, the writer suggest that to facilitate the growth of good relations, multinationals should embrace corporate citizenship actions like social corporate responsibilities: social corporate respons ibilities are policies enacted by an organization for the benefit of the society; thought they are strategic marketing tools, the main concern of managers when undertaking the exercise is to benefit and improve the welfare of the communities; in this context, community members include business customers among other societal members (Nien-hà ª, 2009). Similarities of the writer’s observations Although the writers have taken different approaches in discussing the topic, they seem to have a number of similarities; both the writers acknowledge that different countries have their way of living, thus there is need for multinationals not to challenge the system but to work to be in harmony with the system. Secondly, both the writers feel that there is need for multinationals to observe professionalism and good motive; when they venture in a country, they should not get to the market with the intention of ruining the economy or self benefit; they need to understand there should be m utual benefit of the parties involved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Global Corporation and Social Responsibility: Multinational Decision Making and International Values specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Globalization has brought issues of political and social dimensions in decision-making; when managers are making decisions, they have been forced to consider the effects that the decision will have on the social, political and environmental dimensions of the global population. For example, when selling in international market, managers should have culture intelligence tools and use it when making decisions. When the world has joined efforts, then there are changes in the business world. The business environment created by globalization call for managers to have a wide knowledge of current business trends; they should consider things from a global perspective when making business decisions. Both writers acce pt that cultural influences and way of life have an effect on multinational decision making; what is ethical is defined by the culture that exists in a certain area. If somebody or a company is doing something, then the entire population needs to be comfortable with the actions/decisions and the outcomes of the decisions made. No part of the larger population that should be injured at the expense of another; the notion follows the norm theory perspective. This theory places some relevance to the culture that a certain society holds; the business should be in line with the culture of the society. This will determine the success of the business. The set of beliefs and the way people do things is of importance to the entire performance of the business. If the society believes that doing something is right, then a wise investor is the one who does things in line with this belief. He should at all times ensure that the business is in line with the culture. Other than culture, religion is another aspect that an ethically conducted business should consider; at-least an investor should be aware of the level of influence that he is going to get from the business environs. If religion influences the action of a society, the best way to conduct business is in line with the culture and religion. For example if an investor wants to set up a pork butchery and goes ahead to start one in a Muslim society, the business is more likely to fail. This is because the norm of the religion, which happens to go in line with their culture, does not consider the business as ethical. What is ethical is sometimes defined by the people themselves. Differences of the writer’s observations As much as the writers are discussing and supporting the same ideology, there are some perceived differences in their approach. Thomas Donaldson seems to be more concerned on how managers (expatriates) should understand the environment they are operating on to facilitate making effective decisions.A dvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, Nien-he-Hsieh seems to respect the institutions made by a community and tends to advocate that despite using expatriates, there is need to have locals as part of the management as they are more likely to offer sound advice to facilitate better decision making. Nien-he-Hsieh observes that people have built their institutions for a long period thus an outsider can get it wrong when making decisions aimed at going well with the institutions framework. However, Thomas Donaldson calls for prior knowledge and doing things in line with international standards of acceptable behavior. Recommendations and writers contributions The pace of globalization and the benefits it has brought in the international community supports that it will continue to prevail; international trade as a pillar of globalization need to be managed effectively for economic social, and political well being of nations. With multinationals operating in different countries, there is need for developing international ethical standards and codes to be applicable to all companies in the world. With advances in information communication technology, it will be easy to internationalize and communicate these standards and codes. There is a precedent to go by, The International Accounting Standards Board, has been able to develop international financial preparation and reporting standards that are being used all over the world today in preparing financial statements by companies worldwide. They were previously not applicable in American companies, but since the recent corporate sea is, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is requiring that they be made applicable to American companies too. With globalization, information can be shared and dispersed easily among nations. Innovators get a platform for borrowing ideas to assist them in their inventions. This can be from previous records where they are able to analysis them and extra the useful ones. Multinationals are frameworks thro ugh which resources utilization and globalization trade on; they have opened countries to trade together. Multinationals should understand that globalization has enabled people to know their rights; people are aware of the quality that they should be getting for a certain product. The rights of human beings have been protected by globalization and thus businesses are compelled to act ethically in this effect. There are some set rules that are followed by trading countries; this is rules that protect and set the way of doing business. There are some set rules that affect the way a certain business was conducted and thus unethical issues that had been practiced by some companies come out. An example of this is the way products are marketed, the way products are advertised and issues about pollution. It is after globalization was taken into place that a meeting was conducted Copenhagen to discus about atmospheric pollution. Many companies have been polluting the environment but the cas e came out clear after the meeting although it was not come out with successful solutions. Equity distribution; with globalization every country was able to understand how it resources were to be distributed. This was not the case initially and thus with the globalization it came clear of the oppression of that colonists have had on the less developed. Other than looking things from an international angle, management of multinationals have some part to play when making decisions as well as maintaining international values, they should understand the environment they are orating on and make decisions that rhythm with the demands of the particular environment. They are the drivers of the multinationals thus they have the role of bridging the gap to attain corporate citizenship (Nien-hà ª, 2009). Conclusion Thomas Donaldson and Nien-he-Hsieh in their articles of multinationals decision making are of the opinion that multinational leaders should make decisions that reinforce values, no rms, and ethics. The writers acknowledge that different societies have different values and norms, thus they advice leaders to be aware of the values and forge their decisions to fit the values and norms. However, the leaders should ensure that they don’t confront international human rights and fundamental freedoms. References Donaldson, T.  (1985).  Multinational Decision-Making:  Reconciling International  values. Journal of Business Ethics, 4 (4):357 – 366. Donaldson,  T. (1991). Rights in the global market. New York: Oxford University press. Nien-hà ª, H. (2009).  Does  Global  Business Have a Responsibility to Promote Just Institutions?,  Business  Ethics Quarterly, 19(2): 251-273. This essay on The Global Corporation and Social Responsibility: Multinational Decision Making and International Values was written and submitted by user Daisy Doyle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dimension Of Inter Professional Working The WritePass Journal

Dimension Of Inter Professional Working Introduction Dimension Of Inter Professional Working IntroductionDescription My feelings and thoughtEvaluation Analysis ConclusionAction planReferencesRelated Introduction This commentary reflects on my experience of collaboration within the inter-professional team during my placement.   It critically analyses the contribution of various members of the multidisciplinary team and their unique roles in a patient’s holistic care. In my placement, I had the opportunity to engage in service delivery in an inter-professional team which included a Physiotherapist, Psychiatrist, Occupational therapist and Nurse, working to provide holistic care to the patient. Gibbs (1988) proposes a flexible and easy to follow framework for the conduct of a reflective exercise. It encompasses reflection upon and incorporation of knowledge, feelings and action towards better understanding and development of knowledge for future utility (Jasper, 2003). It is guided by the questions: What happened? What was my response? How did I act? Are the feelings good or bad? Are they justifiable? What can be learned from them? (Boud, et al., 1985; Moon, 2004) This approach has been employed to structure this account. Description In compliance to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008), names and details herein are referred to using pseudonyms. While in placement practice in the acute ward which covered a period of six weeks, I took care of Lucy a 66 year old patient diagnosed with dementia as a result of the death of her husband. Worden (1993) suggests that with the loss of loved ones, people can have a protracted experience which may include changes in mental health, impairment in the activities of daily life, and loss of mobility. Lucy lived with her 16 year-old granddaughter helping her out in the activities of daily life but her condition had deteriorated, was always confused and could no longer do anything by herself. During an initial meeting to discuss care plans (Care Programme Approach (CPA) meeting), I noticed that Lucy and her family were absent despite the Department of Health (2007a) categorically stating that CPA meetings should have in attendance all professionals and family involved in the patients care. The CPA meeting is an opportunity for all involved to discuss care plans, and successes from which decisions and changes to programs can be made to attain quality outcome/care (Department of Health, 2004; Barker, 2009). The answer from my mentor to my inquiry on the absence of Lucy and her relatives was that the decision was taken to avoid distressing the patient in her fragile state, allowing the team members to discuss Lucy’s care without such a concern. I was not in a position to insist upon the inclusion of Lucys relatives and had to accept the decisions as made by the team. My feelings and thought The common goal for the inter-personal team was to ensure enhanced care for Lucy, in line with the nursing duty to care to safeguard and promote the health and comfort of those under care (John, 2000; Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). With this basic tenet, I was dissatisfied by the decision not to involve Lucy and her relatives in the CPA meeting. I felt that her family, also as her caregivers, needed to be made aware of requisite care plans. In support of my sentiment, Webster (2002) states that it is paramount to engage all parties to achieve successful assessment and subsequent treatment. However, I was pleased with the engagement of the inter-professional team with each member having clear tasks and specifications of duties. Their contribution of diverse strengths and skills (Webster, 2002) assured a positive outcome and holistic care for Lucy. Evaluation Nurses are integral to the professional team; initiating, assessing and suggesting interventions. They assume a pivotal role in ensuring holistic care by the entire team; (Barret, 2009; Hudson, 2002). Without regard to my concerns the entire team involved in Lucy’s care had effective communication throughout which enhanced overall efficiency. Members updated information and shared their individual understanding of Lucy’s situation to the benefit of all present and read her progress note frequently. This became a significant source of communication towards her enhanced care. Hornby and Atkins (2000) and Webster (2002) suggest that sharing of knowledge and expertise is among the significantly beneficial aspects emerging from inter-professional engagement. The collaboration of the team was essential in expanding the collective understanding and ensuring efficiency in coordination to attain the required assistance and support (Webster, 2002). All professionals in the team were systematically and efficiently engaged in Lucy’s care. The psychiatrist assessed Lucy holistically and prescribed medication, and through time, educated her about her course of treatment. The Occupational therapist assessed Lucy for her capacity for independent life and assessed the level of support required in her road to recovery, which was a fundamental guide to the teams care plan. The Physiotherapist assessed Lucy and decided upon a treatment plan to assist her with movement, providing passive exercises as Lucy was initially quite reluctant to get out of bed. The patients nurse and I were involved in the daily care and support, implementing the directions in the plans as prescribed by the other professionals in the team. We took the lead of the workforce utilising the unique nursing role to build a strong therapeutic relationship with patients, identifying and advocating their needs (Jack and Smith, 2007). The nurse, John, 2000 outlines, makes unique contributions towards patient care are broad and varied encompassing assessment, coordination of care, enhancement of overall communication, physical and technical care, integration of various prescribed therapies, emotional support, as well as the empowerment of patients and their families for active participation in the delivery of care. Later, with the marked improvement of the patient and enhanced mobility, the Occupational therapist prescribed and we helped engage her with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and leisure activities such as art, cooking and relaxation sessions (Roper, et al., 2000). These activities played an important role helping Lucy to enhance her socialization, meeting and engaging with other people and thereby building her confidence and self-esteem. Analysis Upon reflection, I feel that the way in which the multidisciplinary team was involved and the effective utilization of all skills and input available was integral to the attainment of the objective of care which is a positive outcome (Webster, 2002). It is however noteworthy that sometimes, as was in this case, input from some members of the team is often overlooked due to a number of varied factors among which is seniority, communication, as well as an appreciation and understanding of their roles. (Hornby and Atkins, 2000). The Mental Health Act (1983) later amended in 2007 (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009) empowers psychiatrists to make decisions regarding the mental ill. This was the basis for the decision to exclude Lucy and her family citing her potential distress (Vostanis, P., 2007). With this realization, it would have been an unnecessary hindrance to clamour for the involvement of the patient and her family against the advice of the professionals. The patient’s distress, as envisaged, would have affected the outcome of her treatment and care (Malkinson and Ellis, 2000). With the need in Lucys case for a multidisciplinary approach to get her a favourable therapeutic outcome, I noted that it was essential to understand and appreciate the different roles of professionals particularly in healthcare (Department of Health, 2007b), effective teamwork to deliver the essential aspects of healthcare across the boundaries of varied roles (Department of Health, 2007a; Hornby and Atkins, 2000). Conclusion With the entire team agreed upon the decision not to involve relatives in the best interests of the patient and the required positive outcome, the team was able to run through the patient’s care plan as envisaged, effectively and with notable efficiency. The patient’s condition was successfully resolved and, in time, she realized marked improvement, mobility and was able to engage socially with others. It was integral that each member of the inter-professional team through efficient and effective collaboration contributed to the high quality care and outcome. For this collaborative effort, communication was paramount. Action plan Through this reflection, I was able to identify and establish factors that could be significant in improving my future career. Healthcare is inherently multidisciplinary and requires collaborative effort of diverse professionals (Barret, 2005; Webster, 2002). It is important to understand and appreciate the different roles played by various professionals. Through this placement, I gained an understanding of the import of effective collaborative efforts of diverse professionals in healthcare that enable the realization of positive outcomes for patients. Enhanced placement opportunities covering such multidisciplinary tasks, and the inclusion of inter-professional collaboration scenarios during training is essential to acquire such an appreciation. I also realized the essential place of nursing practice, playing an integral and pivotal role in ensuring holistic care by the entire team and enabling the success of the collaborative process. There should also be an elaboration of ethics and studies into appropriate instances for the exclusion of mental patients and their families from such programmes as CPA in the opinion of a psychiatrist. This would enable better understanding and consensus in scenarios such as in this particular case. References Barker, P., 2009. Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring. 2nd London: Oxford University Press Barret, P., 2005. Collaborative Practice. London: Oxford University Boud, D., Keogh, R., Walker, D., 1985, Reflection: Turning Experience into Learning, Kogan-Page, London Department of Health, 2004. The Ten Essential Shared Capabilities: A Framework for the whole of the Mental Health Workforce. London:DoH Department of Health, 2007a. Learning for collaboration practice. London Department of Health, 2007b. Best Practice in Managing Risk. London: HMSO Gibbs, R., 1988. Learning by changing: A guide to teaching and learning methods: Oxford Further Education Unit: Oxford Brook University. Hornby, S., and Atkins, J., 2000. A relational approach to collaboration. eds. Collaborative Care: Inter-professional, Interagency and Interpersonal. London: Blackwell Hudson, B., 2002. â€Å"Inter-professionalism in health and social care: The Achilles’ Heel of Partnership.† In: Journal of Inter-professional care. 16(1), 7-17 Jack, K., and A., Smith, 2007. Promoting self-awareness in nursing to improve nursing practice. Nursing Standard, 21, 32, 47-52 Jasper, M., 2003. Beginning Reflective Practice: Foundation in Nursing and Health Care. London: Nelson Thornes John, C., 2000. Becoming a Practitioner. A reflective and holistic approach to clinical nursing: Practice development and clinical supervision Malkinson, R., and A., Ellis, 2000. The Application of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REB) in traumatic and non-traumatic loss. Moon, J. A., 2004. Handbook of Reflective and Experiential Learning: Theory and Practice, Taylor Francis. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008. The Code of Professional Conduct: Standard for conduct, performance and ethical protecting the public through professional standard. London: NMC Roper, N., W., Logan and A., Tierney, 2000. The Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living. Edinburg: Churchill Livingstone Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009. Role of Consultant Psychiatrist in Psychotherapy. London: RCP Webster, J., 2002. Team working: Understanding multi-professional working. Nursing Older People. 14(3):14-9 Worden, W., 1993. Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. 2nd ed. Routledge: London Vostanis, P., 2007. â€Å"Mental health and mental disorder.† In Coleman, J., and A., Hagell, eds. Adolescence, risk and resilience. Against the odds. Chichester: John Wiley and sons

Bad Influence Cartoon

They tend to mimic everything that they see, and this is how they learn new things. On today’s television there are so many different shows and cartoons that kids learn things from some of the things they learn are great and other things are not so good for children viewing such as the cartoon Family Guy. People may look at Family Guy as a very funny cartoon but in all it’s actually a very rude show. When the creator came up with it I do not think that he/she thought that children would be into this show and I do not think that this cartoon was even made for children viewing because of its contents; but the fact still remains that they are looking at this show. Family Guy is not your ordinary cartoon. It has a lot of violence, sex, bad language, drinking, drugs, and smoking. Majority of the time either something has a bad influence or it has a good influence whether it be the friends we surround ourselves around, or the music we listen to but mainly what we visually encounter is what has the greater effect on who what we do and who we become. There is nothing good about Family Guy that would influence a child to head into the right direction. It does not teach children to be respectful in any way. The children that are watching this cartoon begin to mimic the baby whose name is Stewie and the dog named Brian. It does not help the show in anyway with making the dog and the baby the smartest family members of the show. Sometimes parents may be driving or cleaning for example and their child may say something that they never thought their child would say such as â€Å"damn†, and then, they may wonder where they get that from. Parents need to monitor the shows that their children watch because it’s a proven fact that kids imitate what they see. A lot of parents do overlook Family Guy because they may glance at what the kids are watching and just because they see cartoon characters they assume that it is ok. But it is a very rude, nasty, and degrading carton for kids to be viewing. In my opinion cartoons that are rated in the manner that Family Guy is, should not be allowed to be introduced on television as a cartoon. I know that’s what makes the show funny as it is for the adult viewers, but the oint is children are watching this. It’s very misleading to the adults and children that may have never saw the show before. Also since it is a cartoon and on national air, it should come on at very early morning hours such as 3am when kids are sleeping. So parents, take time out to sit down and watch what your children are watching to ensure that its child friendly, and that they are learning positive things, otherwise you will be amazed daily at what your children do and begin to say.

Positives and negatives of obamas presidency period Research Paper

Positives and negatives of obamas presidency period - Research Paper Example One of the most commendable aspects of the Obama presidency has been his rapprochement with the Iranian government over its nuclear program. The fact that the Iranian nuclear program has been a source of major controversy over the past decade can be considered to have been a source of much contention on the international scene. This is mainly because of the fact that the United States has been drawn into the issue as a result of the activities of the powerful Israeli lobby which has had much influence in the formulation of American policies over Iran. It is for this reason that Iran has been largely isolated from the international scene due to the sanctions imposed against it by most of the western powers (Mostofi 226). In addition, the economic sanctions that have been imposed against it have created a situation where its people have come to face many hardships mainly because of the constant shortages of food as well as the reduction of the purchasing power of the state because of t he blockade on its financial sector. Moreover, the decision to impose sanctions against it has ensured that the prices of natural gas and oil have remained high on the global markets in addition to the lack of exploitation of the extensive reserves that Iran possesses. Therefore, the initiative taken by Obama to promote dialogue with Iran has ensured that American interests will be protected within this country once the negotiations come to an end. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have come to be extremely unpopular with the American public and this is mainly because of the fact that there has been massive loss of American life as well as high expenditure in wars which have failed to achieve their intended objectives ("Obama Commits to Troop Withdrawal from Iraq by 2011" 3). It is for this reason that Obama’s order to withdraw American troops from both of these

Modern Art - Avant-Garde, Cubism, Russian Design Essay

Modern Art - Avant-Garde, Cubism, Russian Design - Essay Example The essay "Modern Art - Avant-Garde, Cubism, Russian Design" explores movements and artists of the modern art. The researcher of the paper also analyzes Charles Jencks's opinion about avant-garde. Jencks’ theoretical considerations about art were based on his views on European and American art development. Jencks underlined that a ‘mythical’ modern man required ‘multiple coding’ in art in order to satisfy his aesthetical needs. A concept of â€Å"participatory design† implied that an architect would follow not only his tastes, but also tastes of other people, residents and participants. Jencks claimed that avant-garde potential may blossom in case its revolutionary nature would be embodied not in academies, but on a broader space. The main idea of avant-garde art is a transfer of initial idea of public interests and not only tastes of the artist. The main three stages of avant-garde art are: Cubism, Futurism or Surrealism. Cubism was known for innovations of form; Futurists and Surrealists were focused on a non-traditional reality transfer; a reflection of reality in movement. â€Å"Gardens like cities are whispering games in which the key is to pass on meaning even as it changes.† And â€Å"Design is like a conversation, if you knew the outcome it wouldn’t be worth having†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Thus Charles Jencks was sure that avant-garde art is a perfect chance to embody hidden and unseen aspects of reality. Thus an avant-garde artist should reflect not only his ideas, but also public vision of reality of modernity.

France and French culture Essay Example for Free

France and French culture Essay Despite the recent backlash against France and French culture in the past few years, as well as there being no shortage of jokes on television and on the radio at the expense at the France, the truth is that if it were not for the French and their involvement during the American Revolution, America would not have gained their independence from Great Britain. This assertion, despite the fact that historians do not like to play the game of â€Å"what if,† the large majority agree on this point. Historians from Gore Vidal, Stephen Ambrose and David McCullough all agree that had it not been for the assistance of France, America would not gave gained their independence. The â€Å"bear† is Great Britain. An aggressive pursuit of imperialism on behalf of Great Britain in the late 18th and throughout the 19th centuries had not been seen since the end of the Roman Empire. The reasons for France’s involvement in the American Revolution might have been more a question of revenge against Britain than the involvement of spreading democracy throughout the world as France itself would experience only 10 years after their initial entrance into the war with their own French Revolution. When the French entered on the side of colonists, the war was going badly in general. There had been a number of victories for the Colonists but America’s only hope that a sustained war, brought on by implementing guerilla tactics would eventually lead to a tiring of the British troops. Also, it was the entire motivatation of the Colonists to get France on their side. Ben Franklin was pressing the French constantly for their help during this time. Also, it was not out of a coincidence that Franklin was chosen and not others since Franklin were adored by the French. Thomas Jefferson also was instrumental as well in getting France involved on the side of the Colonists. It is also not a coincidence that France was being targeted for their help. They, along with Great Britain, were the powers in the world at that time. That is why such a statement as â€Å"Daddy and I killed the Bear† is accurate and correct. The bear is Great Britain. They did not conquer 1/3 of the world by being nice. â€Å"Daddy† is France and the child is America. â€Å"Daddy† is usually the stronger of the two and is more established. He is responsible for the care and well being of the child and helps the child to grow and to mature until eventually, the child exceeds the father in stature, independence and strength. However, the child would not be allowed to grow if not for the effort exerted on the part of the father. A father who neglects his son and does not raise him up in a proper way and the chances increase exponentially, for that child to fail to fully realize his full potential. The very same occurred in this instance and therefore, the aforementioned statement is accurate and carried a great deal of weight and validity.

The Beauty of Car Rides :: Personal Narrative

When I was six years old, I hated car rides. To a six year old, a car ride was the epitome of boredom. There was nothing to do on a car ride except sit there for hours watching the trees. I would get carsick every single time I was in my mom’s Volvo. If I wasn’t sick or bored, I was waiting painfully in the backseat for the next exit ramp so my mom could turn off the road for a bathroom break. My mom would have to bribe me with candy or some other special treat just to get me in a car everyday. Some six year olds were afraid of monsters and doctor’s visits; I was afraid of the car. About ten years later something happened, a change. When I finally got my driver’s license at age sixteen, I was no longer afraid of the once dreaded car ride.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first I did not know why or how it happened, I just was not afraid anymore. I did not get bored, I did not get sick, and I did not have to painfully wait to use the bathroom. What was once a time of fear and unease turned to a time of tranquility and delight. I was excited to drive my car, and I felt good while driving. Maybe it was because the music I was listening to calmed me. Perhaps it was the beautiful sights I saw outside my window. It could have been because it was a time when I got to leave my troubles behind me and relax. It may have been that I was driving the car rather someone else, or it could have been a combination of all of these things. All I knew was that I had a 35-minute drive to school everyday, and I enjoyed it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My drive to and from school everyday became a deep Emersonian experience. It was not so much that I was getting in touch with nature; it was that I was getting in touch with myself.

“The English” Text Analysis

THE ENGLISH Text Analysis In process of analyzing the text ‘The English’ I found that there are six paragraphs and in each paragraph there are approximately four sentences. Vocabulary of this text is simple without difficult words like scientific terminology etc. , in addition it is also descriptive, so author describes how immigrants from overseas have settled in different parts of England and had formed their communities.Simple and descriptive vocabulary makes text more understandable to people. Author use in the text specialized vocabulary, lexical words in the text refer to geographical discipline (immigrants, north, east, west and south, London region etc. â€Å"The Greater London region is roughly a cicle, extending twenty to thirty miles from central London in the north and east, and thirty to forty miles in the west and south. †). Also in the text I found some compound words such as overseas and commonwealth.Text ‘The English’ consists of verb s, nouns and adverbs. Firstly I would like to consider the usage of nouns in this text. I think that author mostly used abstract nouns – language, accent, pride, dialects, behavior, life (An abstract noun means something that we cannot taste, touch, smell or see, for example â€Å"As the English are such a mixed people, local customs and accents in England vary a great deal and local pride is still strong in some parts of the country. )- all of them we can refer to moral qualities. I detected there few collective nouns- communities, cosmopolitan city, school, which means that author keep in mind group of people, a special class composed of members (â€Å"They still speak their own languages or dialects, but their children grow up speaking English exactly like the children with from they go to school. †) . Also there are proper names in the text, for example Ian Macdonald, Leonard, Herbert Perkins.Adjectives in the text are not frequent and mostly they refer to visual and evaluative attributes (â€Å"The Williams, The Macdonalds, The Townsends and Herbert Perkins have all made their homes in London which is now a great cosmopolitan city. † ; â€Å"Yet one of the strongest and more usual accents is to be found in the East End of London, the home of the cockneys. †) Author used restrictive adjective clause (â€Å"A cockney is very different from most people’s idea of a typical Englishman. ), so the adjective restricts the information and as we can see the restrictive element is not set off with commas. Also adjectives in this text are mostly gradable, for example â€Å"strong† and â€Å"different†, we can grade these adjectives like rather different, very different or extremely different, author used one of them in the sentence â€Å"A cockney is very different from most people’s idea of a typical Englishman. † . The author uses that kind of adjectives to show us big difference between cockney and t ypical Englishman, to transmit the idea of paragraph or of whole text.Author use adjectives mostly before noun (â€Å"As the English are such a mixed people, local customs and accents in England vary a great deal and local pride is still strong in some parts of the country. †) Verbs in this text, such as moved, has been added, made, settled, formed, speak and grow up, carry an important part of meaning. Without these verbs the person who read the text would be confused because of misunderstanding. Verbs in the text make a bit clear the main idea, verbs are dynamic (referring to actions, events), for example â€Å"Many immigrants from overseas have settled there and have formed their own communities.They still speak their own languages or dialects, but their children grow up speaking English exactly like the children with whom they go to school. † We can clearly see that verbs from the example refer to speech acts and movements. The adverbs are not frequent, I have foun d only eleven adverbs the text: since, still, only, always, exactly, less, roughly, far, rarely, really, more. (â€Å"The Greater London Region is roughly a circle, extending twenty to thirty miles from central London in the north and east, and thirty to forty miles in the west and south. ; â€Å"Some people travel to work in London from as far as eighty miles away. †) Adverbs ‘always’ and ‘rarely’ are the adverbs of frequency (â€Å"This is why Hampshire accents are now so rarely heard. †) ; ‘since’ the adverb of purpose, ‘really’ is the adverb of degree and ‘still’ the adverb of time (â€Å"They still speak their languages or dialects, but their children grow up speaking English†¦Ã¢â‚¬ )I have noted an interesting thing that the author did not use conjuncts such as ‘so’, ‘however’ and disjuncts like ‘obviously’, ‘frankly’.Maybe that’s wh y transition from one paragraph to other is so sharp and paragraphs are bad connected among themselves. Sentences on the whole have a simple structure (â€Å"Some people travel to work in London from as far as eighty miles away. †), but there are also complex sentences (â€Å"Not only have Welsh, Scottish, and Irish people made their homes in England, but also Jews, Russians, Germans – people from almost every country Europe – as well as many West Indians, Indians and others from the commonwealth. †). Author mostly uses declarative sentences with no commands and exclamations.Author did not use rhetorical questions and even usual questions, only statements, that’s why the main idea is weakly perceptible. The average sentence length is approximately 25 words. The sentences are mixed, that mean that there are different tenses in the text, for example present perfect continuous (â€Å"Since 1066 the blood of many other races has been added to the orig inal English mixture. †), present simple (â€Å"Many people now live in south and south-east England and commute to their places of work in London. ), present perfect (â€Å"The Williams, The Macdonalds, The Townsends, and Herbert Perkins have all made their homes in London which is now a great cosmopolitan city. ) . What is more, I found an example of detached construction in the sentence (â€Å"Not only have Welsh, Scottish, and Irish people made their homes in England, but also Jews, Russians, Germans – people from almost every country in Europe – as well many West Indians, Indians, and others from the commonwealth. †) There are no modal verbs in the text.The author gives us objective information with positive qualities that mean that author provides information in this way to make a good impression on readers, like in this sentence (â€Å"London is the largest city in Europe after Paris, but it’s population has shrunk from 8 million in 1939 t o less than 7 million in 1988. †), the main idea of the sentence is that population of London has shrunk, but author â€Å"leave† this information on the background and to make better inspiration about London as main information he wrote that London is the largest city in Europe after Paris, not that London in the second largest city in Europe after Paris.As I have already sad that the text has formal vocabulary and lexical words in the text refer to geographical discipline, but we cannot refer it to scientific texts because scientific text needs terminology, but there we cannot see terminology at all, so this is publicistic text which may appear in the newspapers and magazines. There is no addressing to the reader, no personal pronouns like ‘me’, ‘you’ etc. , no directives, no rhetorical questions, however there is impersonalization.All in all I think that the main idea of the text is that nowadays it is difficult to find a typical, purebloode d Englishman because the centuries ago the blood of other races has been added to the original English mixture. But in this text is very difficult to ‘catch’ the main idea because each paragraph has they own idea and paragraphs are bad connected among themselves, also because there are lack of rhetorical questions, lack of adverbs and adjectives and interactivity, all these would make the text vivid and more understandable. To prove this I took the last sentence from the 5th paragraph (â€Å"Some people travel to work in London from as far as eighty miles away. †) and the first sentence from the 6th (â€Å"This is why Hampshire accents are now so rarely heard†) as we can see there is no straight connection between the 5ht and the 6th paragraph. The main idea is developed trough the names of nationalities, trough the verbs ‘settled’, ‘made’, ‘formed’ etc. trough the dates and statistician. I also noted that the topic à ¢â‚¬ËœThe English’ partly does not conforms to the text. The topic does not reflect the meaning of the text. The reader may think that text is about the pure Englishmen, about their habits and lifestyle but not about the immigrants who become to inhabit The British Isles few centuries ago and how their inhabitation affects nowadays situation.

Critical Evaluation of a poem “Out, Out” by Robert Frost

A poem which I have read recently is â€Å"Out, Out† by Robert Frost. This poem is memorable as it affected me in several ways. It shocked me because the little boy cut off his hand and then died, but also because after the boy died people turned back to their work and didn't seem to care about the boy. When I had read the poem for the first time the title did not seem important because I could not tell what the poem was about, from it. After I had studied the poem in more detail, I considered the poem to be particularly effective. The title â€Å"Out, Out† is a famous quotation from Macbeth which was written by Shakespeare. It intrigues the reader by keeping them in suspense which makes them read on. The poet intrigued me the first time I read the title as I thought it was a very peculiar title for this poem. This made me study the poem in more detail; it was the title of this poem which made me keep the poem vividly in my head. The title of this poem was effective because the poet was comparing our life to the life of candle flame and how it can be put out. He is trying to stress to us how short life is. Robert Frost appeals to my sense of smell, sight and hearing by the writing: â€Å"Sweet scented stuff† The techniques he used were alliteration and onomatopoeia. He uses alliteration by starting all the words in the quotation above with an â€Å"S† sound. Also onomatopoeia by using the quotation: â€Å"The buzz saw snarled and rattled† This line in the poem is showing us what the saw is doing. He also used repetition by using: â€Å"the saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled† This quotation is effective because it is stressing to us how boring but repetitive this job was. I think Frost appeals to our senses because he is trying to make us imagine we were at the scene of this horrific incident. As he appeals to my senses I can imagine I was at the scene of the accident, which is what Robert Frost wanted to achieve. This leaves a deep impression on me because I was able to picture the scene of the incident clearly in my head. Another technique Robert Frost used in this poem was personification. An example of it being in this poem is: â€Å"As if to prove saws knew what supper meant, Leapt out at the boy's hand† This quotation is giving the personality of a living thing to the saw. In using this quotation Frost explains to us that it wasn't only the boy who was hungry but also the saw. Another phrase which contains the personification of the saw is: â€Å"the saw snarled† This shows us how aggressive the saw was while cutting the wood. It also told us that in general saws are angry and aggressive and the boy shouldn't of being using the saw. I think this as I think â€Å"snarled† is some form of movement a wild animal does. I think the poet uses personification to show us how aggressive the saw was. The poet's use of personification helps me to remember the poem vaguely. One of the lessons I learnt from the poem was from the last two lines of the poem: â€Å"And they, since they were not the ones dead, turned to their other affairs† I think that after reading that Robert Frost wrote this poem to criticise our society today as we are hard hearted. Also because people who might have known the boy didn't care they just turned to their other work. The other lesson I learnt from the poem was from the poem and how life is short and could end easily. I think these two points that Frost is making are valid points because today in our society today people only care about themselves and don't consider the fact about how short life is. This affected me in two ways, firstly I have started to think about others whose loved one has died and I have found out that life's too short. The poem â€Å"Out, Out† by Robert Frost will remain vividly in my head because of all the effective techniques he used to get us to think about how hard hearted society is and also, how short life is. He was very successful in getting me to think about the two lessons I learnt. Although the best technique I thought was the way he managed to get me to think towards our society as hard hearted and how short life is. After reading the poem I was affected emotionally as I could relate the point which Frost brought up about us being hard hearted to the people who I have turned my back to in my life. Also I was emotionally upset as I had never given life a thought but after reading the poem I realise how precious life is to me.

Investigation into the Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction between Marble Chips and Acid Essays

Investigation into the Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction between Marble Chips and Acid Essays Investigation into the Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction between Marble Chips and Acid Essay Investigation into the Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction between Marble Chips and Acid Essay Before carrying out a set of experiments, I decided to do preliminary work to look at quantities and measurements, in order for my experiments to work smoothly and accurately. To do this, I tested both amounts of marble chips and amounts and concentration ranges of acid. I also experimented with different measuring cylinder sizes. I carried out a few simple experiments varying the above, and came up with the most sensible.We began by what seemed the most practical quantities. Firstly we looked at marble chips. We took 5g as a starting example. To accompany this we looked at what would be a sensible amount of liquid to accompany it and chose 50ml. To find the right measuring cylinder to use, we set up a mock experiment and began with a 25ml measuring cylinder. We timed experiments for both the strongest and weakest concentrations of acid and recorded the following results.50ml acid0ml water = 26.80 seconds10ml acid40ml water = 2 minutes, 53.77 secondsThese were both practical results and so we were happy with the size of the measuring cylinder. Along with this, we also took note at how our quantities of acid and marble chips worked together and saw that they were both satisfactory. All other equipment and the set up of the apparatus were also fine and so we decided to move on to the proper experiments.Planning My WorkFor this experiment I will need to investigate how the rate of reaction of marble chips is effected by acid as well as considering other factors that my have an effect.Aim: To find a relationship between the concentration of acid and the rate of which a reaction takes place with marble chips.To begin the experiment, I need to look at the chemistry of marble chips (calcium carbonate) and acid and so I will begin with their equations.Word equation:calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxideChemical equation:CaCo3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)When the reaction takes place, carbon dioxide, water and salt will be produced. Out of these three, I have chosen carbon dioxide as the one to measure for my rate of reaction. This is because it will be the easiest and most noticeable to collect. By the measurement of the carbon dioxide, we will be able to accurately follow how fast the reaction occurs. Pg 190 of the Chemistry for you book, shows a sensible, simple and accurate way of measuring a gas like carbon dioxide, in an upturned measuring cylinder filled with water. If we place marble chips and acid in a conical flask, the gas will bubble through a delivery tube lowering the level of water, which we will then be able to time until all water has left the cylinder.The amount of time it takes for the gas to fill the measuring cylinder will show us how much carbon dioxide has been given off and so will show us the rate of reaction. Rate of reaction is altered by three main things. One is SURFACE AREA. This will relate to the surface area of our marble chips. The finer the chips, the larger the surface area, and so the larger the rate of reaction. However, we are intending to keep the surface area the same. Another factor is TEMPERATURE. Again, we are not going to alter the temperature. If we were to, the hotter the temperature, the faster the rate of reaction as the molecules would have more energy. The other is CONCENTRATION. This relates to the concentration of the acid and is what we will use as our variable.The acid particles can only react with the marble chips when they collide, as seen in the diagrams.The acid particles move randomly through the water. As you increase the concentration of the acid, there are more acid particles in the same volume. Therefore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting, with particles on the surface of the marble and you increase the rate of reaction.This is what I will use in my experiment. The concentration of acid is written in Molars. For example, 1M (molar) is half the concentration of 2M. I will alt er the concentration to see what effect it has on the rate of reaction.Predictions:I predict that when investigation the effect of concentration on rate of reaction between marble chips and acid, that an alteration in concentration will effect the rate of reaction in a pattern. As has already been explained, as you increase the concentration of the acid, there are more acid particles in the same volume and so therefore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting, with particles on the surface of the marble. Because of this, I will make the prediction that the higher the concentration of acid, the faster the rate of reaction with the marble chips and the faster my measuring cylinder will fill with carbon dioxide.I also predict a more detailed pattern. I predict that the level of concentration may also have a direct effect on the rate of reaction. E.g. that if a 2M was compared with a 1M acid which is half the concentration, the rate of reaction will also be ha lf. I will now need to carry out my experiment to test these predictions.My ExperimentDiagram:Apparatus:Conical flask to hold the marble chips and acid for the experiment50ml measuring cylinder to measure the volume of acid being used in the experiment. I chose 50ml volume because that is the maximum acid we will need.Delivery tube and bung will transport C02 given offWeighing pot to hold the marble chips for weighing25ml measuring cylinder to collect the C02 given off by the experiment. I chose 25ml because it was the most sensible sizeBalance reading to 0.01g, must be accurate, to weigh the marble chipsWater trough to hold the water for the collection of C02Stop clock reading to 0.01 of a second, to accurately time the collection of C02 and the rate of the reactionMethod:Each time the variable is altered, I shall carry out exactly the same experiment, merely with a different concentration.* I will begin by collecting and setting up all my equipment. I need to make sure tha t the chonical flask is clean and doesnt have any substances already in it. The 25ml measuring cylinder needs to be filled with water. We found that if we filled a 25ml measuring cylinder, due to excess volume above the measurements, it actually held a total of 40ml. We found this by completely filling the cylinder as we would in the experiment, and then pouring this into a larger measuring cylinder and taking the reading. The cylinder then needs to be stood upside down in the trough that also needs to have an ample amount of water in. The delivery tube needs to be under the cylinder but does not yet need to have the bung in the flask.* The marble chips then need to be weighed accurately, remembering to take into account the surface area. These can then be put into the flask.* I will then prepare my acid to the right concentration. The amount of acid needs to be measured accurately in the separate, 50ml measuring cylinder and then water needs to be added, if required, to dilute the acid to the right concentration.* The acid can then be added to the flask and marble chips. The bung needs to be put in the flask immediately, and as soon as this is done I will begin the stop clock.* I will then watch the flask carefully and as soon as the first bubble comes out of the measuring cylinder, will stop the stop clock and take my reading.This will be carried out for each experiment. In-between, it is important to rinse and dry the chonical flask and to refill the 25ml measuring cylinder.After obtaining a complete set of results, I will then go through the process again to repeat my experiments. This will give me added information and will help explain anything out of place if necessary.Concentrations and Readings:I am going to carryout five experiments, and then repeat these to give me a total of 10 results, two for each experiment. The experiments I will carry out will be of five different concentrations of acid. Along with the concentrations in ml of both acid and wat er, I have written along with it the concentrations in molar (M). (Our original strength of acid is 2M) The concentrations will be:Acid (ml)Water (ml)CalculationMolar (M)5002 x 5/5 = M240102 x 4/5 = M1.630202 x 3/5 = M1.220102 x 2/5 = M0.810402 x 1/5 = M0.4We see that in this experiment, 2M will be the strongest acid, 0.4 will be the weakest. The way that the amount of ml is always equal to 50ml means though the concentrations change, the volume of liquid will be kept the same.Fair Test:It is very important to make my experiment fair. If it is not kept exact, then my results may easily be altered by slight differences that shouldnt occur.In order to keep my experiment fair, I will ensure that there is only one variable at any time. My variable will be the concentration of acid to water. Other possible variables such as the amount of liquid, temperature, amount of marble chips or surface area of marble chips should never change and should always stay the same. To do this, we will kee p the volume of liquid the same by measuring accurately in an accurate measuring cylinder. The amount of marble chips will be kept same by weighing them on accurate weighing scales. The surface area of the chips will be harder to keep accurate. We can do this generally by attempting to keep the marble chips of similar sizes as accurately as possible. I have decided to use small marble chips rather than large so that the surface areas are more similar. However, this may not always be completely accurate, and so we will have to take this into account and remember this when looking at results. We will monitor temperature with a thermometer, but will work to room temperature. We will not be able to alter the temperature as we please, and so will take a note of the temperatures for each experiment so that we can explain any changes of patterns in our results.It is also important not to change apparatus or equipment and to keep the experiment exactly the same.If this is kept to then my ex periment will be fair, hopefully giving me the most accurate results as possible.Safe Test:Keeping a safe test is also very important for the safety of me and other people around me. To ensure that my experiment is safe, I will carry out the following precautions.* Goggles should be warn to protect my eyes from acid or in case another accident occurred* I should act in a sensible and safe manner, carefully working with the equipment and being aware of any dangers.* The low concentration of acid I will use is a safety precaution to ensure that the acid is not dangerous.Obtaining My EvidenceTo obtain my evidence, I began by setting up my equipment and following the plan previously written. I measured hydrochloric acid (HCl) with water to produce the 50ml volume of the desired concentration, and added to this, 5g of small marble chips. I timed, in seconds, how long this took to produce a 45ml3 of gas by bubbling it through a delivery tube into an upturned mea-suring cylinder of water. The volume of which was 45ml. (All this is explained in more detailed in my plan). I included certain apparatus for accuracy. The reaction was timed accurately by using a stop clock measuring to 100th of a second. The scales measured the marble accurately by measuring exact to 0.01g. This accuracy of this was also improved by using small marble chips with more similar surface areas. The measuring cylinders used all measured to 0.1ml.From carrying out this process, I produced a set of results for 5 concentrations of acid, 2M, 1.6M, 1.2M, 0.8M and 0.4M. I then repeated these results for even more accuracy so that I will be able to produce an average.Results:The results for both the first set of experiments and the repeated, second set of experiments have been combined into one table. The column of Concentration, is measured in Molars (M). This is the volume of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and water (both measured in cm3) shown together. Time 1 and Time 2 are the times (in seconds) for expe riment 1, and the repeats, experiment 2.Other information that I also took, was a note of the room temperature at the time of taking the results. The results of experiment 1 and experiment two were taken on different days and so this was important information. I already know that temperature is an altering factor in rate of reaction and so if the temperature if not the same then it is important to know so that a change in results can be explained.Experiment 1 temperature 200CExperiment 2 temperature 190CThe first lots of experiments were taken at a temperature 10C higher than the second lot of experiments. This needs to be known to explain any patterns that may be related.Table of My Results:HCl (cm3)Water (cm3)Concentration (Molar)Time 1 (seconds)Time 2 (seconds)500213.0113.0740101.617.2713.3030201.227.3022.5120300.844.3732.4910400.4215.12186.22Analysing My Evidence and Drawing ConclusionsFrom my table of results, I can calculate additional information. I can work out an average ti me by adding the two existing times and dividing them by two. I can then find a rate of each reaction by dividing 1 by the average time. This will give me another pattern to follow by showing me how fast the reaction went at the different concentrations. The formulas for these are:Average = time + time / 2Reaction = 1 / timeI am going to add the answers of these as additional columns onto my table.HCl (cm3)Water (cm3)Concentration (Molar)Time 1 (seconds)Time 2 (seconds)Average Time (seconds)Rate500213.0113.0713.040.76740101.617.2713.3015.290.06530201.227.3022.5125.310.0420300.844.3732.4938.430.02610400.4215.12186.22200.670.005From the table, without the average time, we can see a common difference between the time in experiment one and the time in experiment two. All results for experiment 1 are slightly quicker than the times for experiment two (with exception of the 2M experiment). We can relate this back to the temperature difference. Temperature affects the rate of reaction. Whe n particles are heated up, they have more energy. They move around more quickly. As they travel faster, there are more collisions in a certain time. As well as this, with more energy, more collisions are likely to result in a reaction. Therefore, as temperatures are raised, reactions get faster and more likely, increasing the rate of reaction.I noted when obtaining my results how the room temperature at the time experiment 1 was being carried out was 200C, where as experiment 2 was at 190C. This means that experiment 1, having the higher temperature, would have shown a faster rate of reaction, which is exactly what is shown in the table.This is apart from the reading for the highest concentration, the 2M experiment. Here we see that the time in experiment 2 is faster than that in experiemnt1. However, this is by 0.06 of a second. Here human reaction time may be a factor. Although the stop clocks are very accurate, they will never be exact, as it is very hard to stop the clock exactl y at the time you want it to. This error may have led to this small difference. By noticing this here, we can also take it into account for the other experiments, remembering that they are not exact but only by a very small error.The average helps to even out the differing results which means that one, middle number is produced to work with. Because, also, I have no obvious anomalous results, readings that dont fit the pattern of the higher the concentration, the faster the reaction and so the shorter the time, the averages will follow the same trend.To look more closely at my data, I am going to enter my average times onto a line graph. I think this is the best type of graph to use as it fits my results of continuous date and will show any trends clearly. This is on the next page (graph 1). The concentration in molars is along the x-axis, the time of the reaction in seconds is along the y-axis. I have plotted my recorded points and drawn a curved line of best fit.From this data I c an now say that the concentration does effect the rate of reaction. The line of best fit shows very clearly, a definite trend that as you increase the concentration, you decrease the time taken, showing an increase in speed. Rate and time are inversely related. As one increases the other decreases, as seen on the graph, meaning that as time increases, rate of reaction decreases.What we see on the graph is a sharp decrease from about 200 seconds to about 50 seconds over a concentration range of only 0.3M showing fast reactions. Over another 11M there is a much more gradual decrease as it slows down, only covering approximately a range of 49 seconds. The remaining range of 2M covers 1 second and appears to be reaching a level line.The second graph (graph 2 over the page), again a line graph, is using the rate I worked out in the table, against the concentration. This gives us I more direct trend towards the effect of concentration on rate of reaction. It shows very definitely and clea rly that the higher the concentration, the higher the rate. As rate and time are inverse, I would expect an almost mirror of the concentration against time graph. This is what has happened. Instead of a sharp decrease followed by a gradual decrease as seen in the concentration against time graph, the concentration against rate graph shows a gradual increase followed by a sharp increase. My line of best fit covers 1.4M at a 0.05 rate very gradually, then a slight increase, and then over 1M, the rate increases by 0.567.My prediction before carrying out this experiment was that the higher the concentration of acid, the faster the rate of reaction. Both these graphs prove this to be correct. This is due to the activity of the molecules in the experiment. The rate of reaction is the amount of a substance that takes part in a chemical reaction in a given time. In order to react, the particles must collide with each other. If the rate of reaction is increasing, it is the amount of particle s colliding and therefore reacting that is increasing. As we increase the concentration of acid, the substance taking part in the chemical reaction (along with marble chips), the rate of reaction increases. This is because an increase in concentration increases the amount of collisions taking place. With more particles in the same volume, there is a greater and more common likely hood of collisions taking place. This is why concentration effects rate of reaction.The second part of my prediction was more detailed. I predicted that the level of concentration may also have a direct effect on the rate of reaction, meaning that if the reaction of a 2M acid was compared with that of a 1M acid, which is half the concentration, the rate of reaction will also be half.I looked at my graph of concentration against rate to investigate this. I used the examples of 1M and 2M and took the following readings of my graph and line of best fit.1M = rate of 0.032M = rate of 0.72This shows my prediction to be very incorrect. If it would be true, then my graph would show a straight line of equal increase. However, my line of best fit gradually increases, going against my prediction.From my results I can conclude that the rate of reaction between marble chips and acid is increased by an increase in concentration.EvaluationLooking back on the experiment, I think that I have carried out successful, dependable procedure that has given me precise and reliable evidence and results. First I will look at the practical work that I did. When doing the practical work, I followed my plan accurately. I kept it a safe and fair test and this is important. I experiment I planned was easy to carry out. Problems arose in temperature. The only variable was meant to be concentration, but due to uncontrollable circumstances, room temperature did alter. Luckily this occurred between sets of experiments which gave me additional information to look into. However, if that had happen part way through a set of results my results may have been slightly more irregular. To overcome this problem, results could have been taken all in one go. However, this was not practical in the spaces of time we were able to have. The other variable of surface area appeared to de successful. We already took precautions over this by using small marble chips instead of large, and so no problems arose.The accuracy of my results is as accurate as I think I would need. From my results I have produced graphs that show very definite and visible trends and patterns and no anomalous results and so the readings must have been correct. It may be possible to improve accuracy. I learnt from the strongest concentration, the 2M acid and the fastest reaction, that for short spaces of time the accuracy is not as exact. This could be solved by an alteration in equipment. If I were to do the experiment again, I would use a larger upturned measuring cylinder. The one I used held 45ml3 of solution. I found this took roughly 1 3 seconds to fill with gas, making it slightly inaccurate because it was a small space of time. However, if we increase the volume of the cylinder, it would take a longer time period. This may have improved accuracy. Other equipment all proved fine. I had no troubles with any other pieces of apparatus and would not alter them.To look into this investigation further of how concentration alters rate of reaction, I would like to look into concentration of solids in a reaction and concentrations of gases, similar to how we look at concentration of liquid and acid. It will be interesting to see if gases for instance have the same reaction patterns as liquids. I can see that my results mean that an increase of concentration of acid increases the rate. Would an increase of concentration of gas make any difference in the rate of reaction? This would help to add to an overall conclusion to the investigation.

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